Egypt, and particularly Alexandria, came to be the center of Hellenism. Antonyms for Hellenistic. Numismatic evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Ptolemy was secure in Egypt; Seleucus (c. 358–281), governor of Babylon, and Lysimachus in Thrace continued to watch and wait; and Eumenes, a non-Macedonian with a fortune behind him, could claim to represent the kings against the ambitions of generals and governors. --though this end-point is often debated. The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Hellenistic World is an umbrella term, which refers to the geographic reach of the Greek Empire, along with the roughly 300-year period it covered. This period also saw the rise of the ancient Greek novel, such as Daphnis and Chloe and the Ephesian Tale. 3. following or … In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.[67]. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, "to civilise the natives"), it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire. [99] Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.[100]. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BC. From 37 BC to 4 BC, Herod the Great ruled as a Jewish-Roman client king appointed by the Roman Senate. Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Though victorious, he was forced to retreat due to heavy losses, hence the term "Pyrrhic victory". In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province of Bithynia, while Pontus' eastern half survived as a client kingdom. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. President, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham, England, 1979–86. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.[4]. This page was last edited on 27 January 2021, at 20:19. Hellenistic art nevertheless had a considerable influence on the cultures that had been affected by the Hellenistic expansion. [29] The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league. The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's child by Roxana. In 255 BC, Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. The Seleucid–Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (reigned 138–129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Pyrrhus then turned south and invaded Sicily but was unsuccessful and returned to Italy. The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study (Warfare and History) by J. F. Lazenby,2003, page 224,"... number of strongholds, and he made himself useful fighting 'the Thracians without a king' on behalf of the more Hellenized Thracian kings and their Greek neighbours (Nepos, Alc. He secured for himself the governorship of Egypt, where he aspired to set up an independent kingdom. Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, P. 17. Hellenism definition is - grecism. During a decade of campaigning, Alexander conquered the whole Persian Empire, overthrowing the Persian king Darius III. Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. However, Athens had now lost her political freedom, and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion. [80] Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. Initially Rhodes had very close ties with the Ptolemaic kingdom. Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. [123] Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact, they were still widely produced during the period, yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style, remaining within the classical model. Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. From the 6th century BC on, the multiethnic people in this region gradually intermixed with each other, creating a Greco-Getic populace. After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence, with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188 BC. The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman world, followed by the spread of Islam, ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of Medieval philosophy (often forcefully, as under Justinian I), which was dominated by the three Abrahamic traditions: Jewish philosophy, Christian philosophy, and early Islamic philosophy. Between 301 and 219 BC the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendancy of the Roman Republic. Demetrius escaped, retaining Tyre and Sidon and command of the sea. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. The ancient Georgian kingdoms had trade relations with the Greek city-states on the Black Sea coast such as Poti and Sukhumi. [45] A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BC and was then taken by Caesar's forces. Demetrius, also in 306, crushed Ptolemy in a naval battle and secured Cyprus and the Aegean, though he failed in a famous siege of Rhodes (305–304). They enjoyed Greek theater, and Greek art influenced Parthian art. [4] Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture. After the death of Pyrrhus, Epirus remained a minor power. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.[24]. Seleucus’s son by a Sogdian noblewoman succeeded him as Antiochus I (324–261). The Hellenistic influence in Iran was significant in terms of scope, but not depth and durability—unlike the Near East, the Iranian–Zoroastrian ideas and ideals remained the main source of inspiration in mainland Iran, and was soon revived in late Parthian and Sasanian periods.[76]. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BC, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. [79] They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic. He ruled until 238 BC when Arsaces, the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty. An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch's story of the death of Crassus, in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 BC and defeating a Carthaginian army there. In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. [3] "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses all territories under direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself. Ptolemy IX Soter II Lathyros, Hellenistic ruler of Egypt 116-107 BCE and 88-81 BCE. The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald,1998. Portraits became more realistic, and the obverse of the coin was often used to display a propagandistic image, commemorating an event or displaying the image of a favored god. Antigonus now had the effective support of his brilliant son Demetrius (336–283), known as Poliorcetes, or Besieger, who ousted the other Demetrius and restored the democracy and eventually the League of Corinth; he was hymned with divine honours and given the Parthenon as his palace. Many 19th-century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. 323 BC – 27 BC The Hellenistic period in both history and in art refers to the era of the conquests of Alexander the Great and the subsequent spreading of Greek culture throughout the major cities and nations of Southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and Near East. The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. His edicts appear carved on rocks and a number of free-standing pillars which are found right across India. The library of Alexandria included a zoo for research and Hellenistic zoologists include Archelaos, Leonidas of Byzantion, Apollodoros of Alexandria and Bion of Soloi. HELLENISM; HELLENIST. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Gent, John. After their defeat in the First Punic War, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage, to reform their military forces. Seleucus, however, held on to a damaged Babylon and the eastern provinces, except for India, which he had to yield to the Indian king Chandragupta. Pages 7-8. This period also saw the first written works of art history in the histories of Duris of Samos and Xenocrates of Athens, a sculptor and a historian of sculpture and painting. In the end Antipater won, Athens capitulated, and Demosthenes (the voice and symbol of anti-Macedonian feeling) committed suicide. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. Southern Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. In the field of philosophy, Diogenes Laërtius' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is the main source; works such as Cicero's De Natura Deorum also provide some further detail of philosophical schools in the Hellenistic period. Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. In 247 BC, following the death of Antiochus II Theos, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. Between 255 and 246 BC, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007. p. 190. Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. [97] The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency), and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.[26]. following or resembling Greek usage. This varied greatly by location. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. As mentioned by Peter Green, numerous factors of conquest have been merged under the term Hellenistic period. The result was that the Athenians used their freedom to execute the pro-Macedonians, including the worthy but compromising Phocion. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Epicureans and the Cynics eschewed public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Liguro-Celtic Gaul. It is probable that at this point the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch. In 550 BC, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". ‘The majority of the sculptures on Cyprus dating from the Roman period were carved of local limestone, just as they had been in the earlier Archaic to Hellenistic periods.’ ‘This is the fate of all the Presocratic philosophers and of many philosophers after Aristotle, in the so-called Hellenistic period.’ Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there. Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). At this point the tripartite territorial division of the Hellenistic age was in place, with the main Hellenistic powers being Macedon under Demetrius's son Antigonus II Gonatas, the Ptolemaic kingdom under the aged Ptolemy I and the Seleucid empire under Seleucus' son Antiochus I Soter. For a time Antipater was hard-pressed in Lamía (the war of 323–322 is known as the Lamian War). This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education, especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric, with considerable libraries and philosophical schools. The Hellenistic period begins formally with the arrival of Alex­ander the Great in the Near East in 334BCE, but this date is not the beginning of Greek influence in the region. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus. After his death, the huge territories Alexander had conquered became subject to a strong Greek influence (Hellenization) for the next two or three centuries, until the rise of Rome in the west, and of Parthia in the east. Throughout the Hellenistic world, these Greco-Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native "barbarians" and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life. Hellenistic Age The period from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 b.c. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. “Under the influence: Hellenism in ancient Jewish life.”. In 233 BC the Aeacid royal family was deposed and a federal state was set up called the Epirote League. Libraries were also present in Antioch, Pella, and Kos. His son Demetrius II soon died in 229 BC, leaving a child (Philip V) as king, with the general Antigonus Doson as regent. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Lysimachus (c. 360–281) was given the less attractive assignment of governing Thrace. Antigonus Monophthalmos (“The One-eyed”; c. 382–301), like Antipater, was not in Babylon at the time of Alexander’s death in 323. Seleucus was left out. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek, and over time this language developed into Koine, the lingua franca of the successor states. For four years (315–311) they fought indecisively. 54-55. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. There was a temple to Serapis, the Greco-Egyptian god. Demetrius conquered most of Greece and secured Macedonia in 294, but he was ousted in 288 by Lysimachus in alliance with King Pyrrhus of Epirus (319–272). Cappadocia, a mountainous region situated between Pontus and the Taurus mountains, was ruled by a Persian dynasty. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. Only one play, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety. In 307 BC he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. [52] Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BC. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, c. 107 BC. pertaining to Hellenists. [107] The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature (including the works of the three great classical tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks. The use of war elephants also became common. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Ptolemy I Soter, Hellenistic ruler of Egypt 305-282 BCE. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. [48] The city became a dominant trading hub and center of Hellenistic civilization in Iberia, eventually siding with the Roman Republic against the Carthaginian Empire during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Hellenistic civilization: The conquests of Alexander the Great spread Hellenism immediately over the Middle East and far into Asia. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. At Babylon power was shared by two senior officers, Perdiccas (c. 365–321) and Craterus (c. 370–321). His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BC. In 281 Pyrrhus (nicknamed "the eagle", aetos) invaded southern Italy to aid the city state of Tarentum. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles, and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. [136] Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni. Have any questions. [ 24 ] Pyrrhus lost all his Italian holdings and left for...., both Roman allies period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking declined! Queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were Greeks! 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